In Part 1 of her three-part investigation, Michelle Fahy investigates the corporate influence on government policy and how weapons makers cultivate relationships with politicians and top officials in the public service.

Sweeping policy changes by the Coalition, including bringing the military industry into the centre of defence planning and a 2018 strategy to catapult Australia into the worlds top 10 of weapons exporting nations, created a business bonanza in the military industry. The Turnbull government allocated$195 billiontowards upgrading Australias military capability (since increased to$270 billion).

Extraordinary amounts of money. When combined with the fundamental undeclared, and undealt with, conflicts of interest that have now become routine in Australias defence sector, the potential for corruption has increased markedly.

Conflicts of interest have become entrenched because of the close integration of military industry interests with government policy.

Corporate influence on government policy has been cultivated for years by a phenomenon at which the arms trade excels: the revolving door.

This is how the revolving door works. Defence-related politicians and public officials and military personnel are regularly offered high-level, high-paying positions with weapons companies upon retirement. This provides a strong incentive for those in public service, with an eye to their future, to seek the best interests of these companies. Military industry executives in turn are welcomed into government as experts, consultants and employees.

Legalised corruption of democracy?

Corruption is defined as the abuse of entrusted power for private gain, be it grand, petty, or political corruption in the 2019 Australian research report,Governing for Integrity. The report says undue influence is a marker for corruption, and that undue influence and the revolving door are two key problems eroding public confidence in parliamentarians and ministers, and weakening the fundamentals of democracy.

Take the case of former defence ministerChristopher Pyne, who discussed his future with EY Defence whilestill in parliament, then nine days after leaving politics accepted apositionwith them. Pyne now also runs his own lobbying firm, lectures as an industry professor at the University of South Australia, and is chair of the advisory board and investment committee of a newinvestment fundpromoting high returns via investment in selected defence and cyber stocks.

Pynes post-politics career made a mockery of the ministerial standards and lobbying rules and led to asenate inquiry, which included former foreign ministerJulie Bishop, who only months after leaving parliament joined the board of multinational aid contractor Palladium. The revolving door yet again exposed the parliaments unwillingness to manage risk factors for corruption, further eroding public confidence in the integrity of our political system.

As noted by Transparency International Australia in itssubmissionto the senate inquiry, it is quite the culture of cosiness.

Although a particularly egregious case, Pyne isnt the only former defence minister to have used the revolving door.

The LiberalsPeter Reithleft his ministerial desk and popped up a few days later at Tenix, then Australias largest defence contractor. EY also secured the services of LaborsKim Beazleywithin a year of his political departure, along with former Labor defence ministerStephen Smith. Beazley joined the board of Lockheed Martin in between his public roles as US Ambassador and WA Governor. (The job description and the budget of the WA Governor has beenexpandedto enable Beazley to advocate for defence industry.) After a three-year association with EY, Smith has recently accepted directorships with cyber security companiesArchTISandSapien Cyber.

Meanwhile, former Liberal David Johnston is being paid$3,000 a dayfor up to 180 days a year as the federal governments chief weapons industry advocate, while sitting on theboardof Saab Technologies (a significant contractor to the Defence Department).

Brendan Nelson, a former Liberal party leader, defence minister and director of the Australian War Memorial, is now withBoeing(a multibillion-dollar contractor to Defence). Nelsons move to Boeing was announced in January 2020, just a few weeks after his departure from the war memorial, a tenure that causedcontroversygiven Nelsons pursuit of sponsorship from arms manufacturers. (In Nelsons final appearance atsenate estimatesin October 2019 he highlighted Boeings $1 million sponsorship of the memorial.)

Nelson also raised eyebrows in March 2019 when his entry on the foreign influence transparency registerrevealedhe had been on Thales Australias advisory board since March 2015. Thales is a global top 10 arms manufacturer, a multibillion-dollar contractor to Defence, and a sponsor of the war memorial. Then veterans affairs minister Michael RonaldsonapprovedNelsons extracurricular activity while noting the potential for conflict of interest. Nelson countered public concerns by saying he donated the fees he received to the war memorial.

Current ministerLinda Reynoldswas briefly employed by missile-maker Raytheon in between military and political jobs in her pre-senate career.

Politicians attract almost all the attention for using revolving door, but they arent the only ones using it.

Consider the appointment to the Thales Australia board of former ASIO boss Duncan Lewis in February 2020, just five months after he left ASIO. The appointment attracted almost no attention.

While the_Sydney Morning Herald_notedthe appointment, no hard questions were asked and no analysis provided of Lewiss swift move into an industry over which he had had oversight.

Lewis had spent five years as ASIOs Director-General, his final public role in a long career of public service that spanned the military (commander of special forces), the departments of the prime minister and cabinet and defence, as well as diplomatic roles (including as Australias ambassador to NATO).

Allan Gyngell, president of the Australian Institute for International Affairs, described Lewis thus: The breadth of [Lewiss] experience in senior national security positions in Australia is unique in our countrys modern history.

It is surprising that someone with such extraordinary knowledge and expertise was able to move to private industry_at all_, let alone a mere five months after his departure from government.

Lax management a dangerous gap

Australia is far too lax about managing conflicts of interest, the revolving door between public life and industry, and other forms of undue influence. It is a problem in any domain of government, but it is particularly dangerous gap in the big spending, sensitive areas of defence and national security.

When respected senior leaders leave public service for the military industry, they take with them extensive contacts, deep institutional knowledge, and rare and privileged access to the highest levels of government, both in Australia and internationally. Their presence on the board of an influential industry corporation entrenches the influence of the weapons industry on government decision-making. Such moves increase the risk that the public interest is conflated with corporate interests.

The revolving door also ushers former weapons industry executives into public sector roles.

Jim McDowellis a good example. After 17 years with BAE, the worlds sixth largest weapons-maker, including 10 years as chief executive of BAE Systems Australia, McDowell returned to Australia in December 2013 from his post in Saudia Arabia as the companys chief executive and was immediately appointed to the board of the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation. He became ANSTOs chair in August 2014. For the next four years while with ANSTO he also undertook numerous influential consulting roles with the Defence Department. (More detailshere.)

McDowells Defence work included membership of two expert advisory teams, the First Principles team, which undertook an extensive review of the Defence Department, and the expert advisory panel overseeing the Future Submarines tender evaluation process. In early 2017, defence industry minister Christopher Pyne hired McDowell as an adviser to help develop Australias naval shipbuilding plan, thelargestmajor capital acquisition program in Australias history.

At the same time, McDowell was chancellor of the University of South Australia (which has close links with military industry) and was on the board of numerous companies in the military industrial sector. One wasAustal, a Perth-based shipbuilder that operates internationally, including with the US Navy, which bid for the offshore patrol vessels program under the naval shipbuilding plan.

BAE was on a shortlist of three multinationals competing for the future frigates program, a $35 billion prize itwonin June 2018.

Pyne said he and McDowell developed a spectacular working relationship. Clearly.

Even so, did anyone in Defence or Minister Pynes office examine the scope of McDowells various roles and assess the arrangements in light of best practice governance standards?

Does the government have a robust due diligence procedure to monitor the serious conflicts of interest inherent in such revolving door appointments? Are the obvious risks to good governance being managed? How? When it comes to Defence we simply dont know there is little to no transparency.

In August 2018, McDowell was appointed South Australias most senior public servant; hired by Premier Steve Marshall as chief executive of the Department of Premier and Cabinet. McDowell is now tasked withguidingthe SA public service to take full advantage of the Commonwealths naval shipbuilding program and other defence contracts based in South Australia. Premier Marshall alsohopesMcDowell will help the state attract military-industrial projects, particularly in shipbuilding.

Part 2: Theres been plenty of talk about enhancing military capability but nothing about enhancing defences anti-corruption practices.

DISCLOSURE: Michelle Fahy was employed part-time by the Medical Association for Prevention of War for 10 months from May 2018 and worked on its campaign to end weapons company sponsorship of the Australian War Memorial.