It is tempting to think the Australian governments decision to spend big an unprecedented 33% of GDP this financial year according to the budget update marks an embrace of Keynesian economics after decades in which authorities have looked the other way.

Keynesian economics named after its founder, 20th-century economist John Maynard Keynes holds that when private spending is too weak to keep people in jobs the government should ramp up its spending to fill the gap.

Conversely, when private spending is too strong, and pushing up inflation, the government should rein in its spending to rein in inflation.

Taxes are the other side of the coin. When private spending is weak the government should cut taxes; when private spending is too strong it should push up taxes.

This will mean budget deficits when the private sector isnt keen to spend (lowdemand) and surpluses to restrain spending when the private sector is too keen.

Other things can help, such as ensuring wages grow quickly enough to boost private demand and ensuring incomes are distributed evenly enough to allow this to happen broadly.

Thats pretty much how Australian governments of all types acted from the end of the World War II up until the mid-1970s, when a surge in the price of oil produced a combination of inflation and unemployment (stagflation) that Keynesian economics couldnt easily explain.

In its place came a new orthodoxy in which governments tried to rely mainly on so-called monetary authorities, such as the Reserve Bank, to stabilise the economy and keep budget deficits low.

The past years dramatic switch back a projected budget deficit of 9.9% of GDP, the biggest since World War II has led many, including commentatorRoss Gittins, to conclude Keynesian economics is back in favour with authorities because (most of the time) it works.

Its an idea summed up in the subtitle of a book released 12 years ago after the global financial crisis Keynes: The Return of the Master.

Im more sceptical. Heres why.

Not Keynesian yet

With interest rates at rock bottom as we went into the coronavirus crisis, there was little the Reserve Bank could do to support the economy by cutting rates further.

It could, and did, buy government bonds. But that tends to support asset prices rather than employment. So authorities have had little choice but to spend to support jobs, notwithstanding their qualms.

They are, however, giving every sign of still being guided by the growth model theyve been relying on since the mid-1970s.

That model assumes the medium-term growth path of the economy is determined by the rates of increase in thethree Ps: population; participation in employment; and productivity.

MYEFOs unkeynesian underpinning

This was exactly the model used to draw up theprojectionsin Decembers Mid-Year Financial and Economic Outlook. These have potential economic growth gradually returning to 2.75% towards the end of the medium-term projection period in 2023-24.

The projection isunchanged from the one published the previous year before the pandemic and recession.

The document assumes underlying productivity growth will converge over a 10-year period to the average growth rate in labour productivity over the past 30 years of 1.5% per annum. This takes no account of the more recent experience of the five years leading up to the recession, when productivity growth and real wage growth averaged only 0.7%.

Thats half the rate of productivity growth projected by the federal treasury. Yet theres not a word of explanation in the document, despite Prime Minister Scott Morrison saying theofficial advicewas if we thought we could just grow the economy under the old settings then we need to think again.

To Keynesians, the distribution of income matters

To Keynesians, the distribution of income matters and can change structurally as part of the process of economic development. On the other hand, the neo-classical growth model used by Treasury assumes that the distribution of income never changes structurally, and if there are changes in income distribution they must be cyclical and can be discounted as they will later be reversed.

Keynesian economists, and post-Keynesian economists carrying forward the mantle, dont believe medium-term economic growth is determined solely by three Ps that specify what can be supplied to the economy.

They believe it is also determined by what is demanded of the economy, creating an important role for changes both in the distribution of wages and in the proportion of national income distributed to wages.

Australia experienced dramatic increases in wage income inequality in the1980s, 1990s and 2000s.

For the past half decade, the proportion of national income devoted to profits has been climbing while the proportion devoted to wages has been falling.

If the people who drew up the mid-year statement had really become Keynesian they would have acknowledged the structural changes affecting income distribution and produced less encouraging growth forecasts.

Weak wage growth condemns us to weak economic growth

A government that had fully adopted Keynesian policies would recognise it needs to support reasonable wage increases, rather than push for wage freezes asit has been doing, noting the short-run alternative is continued budget deficits.

Over time the weakness in demand is likely to lead to lower investment, slowing the take-up of new technology and slowing growth in productivity.

In accordance with the models the government does use, this will cut Australias potential rate of economic growth, producing lower unemployment and lower living standards than we otherwise would have had.

Updated and republished with permission from The Conversation(19/1/ 2021)