Papua New Guineas COVID-19 outbreak is a portent of the catastrophic moral failure the head of the World Health Organization warned of in January due to poor countries being pushed to the back of the vaccine queue.

Australia has gifted 8,000 doses to PNG, and vowed to help the nation of almost 9 million secure1 million more. Earlier this month Australia agreed to work with the US, India and Japanto provide 1 billion vaccinesto poorer countries in the Asia-Pacific. It is also supportingCOVAX, the global program aiming to buy and distribute 2 billion COVID-19 vaccine doses to developing nations by the end of 2021.

But all this could be negated through Australias potential spoiling role (with a handful of other countries) against a proposal supported by 118 countries to ramp up vaccine production by relaxing the trade rules governing intellectual property.

Inequities in access to COVID-19 vaccines

The inequities in access to vaccines are stark. By November, wealthy nations accounting for just14% of the global population had locked in premarket agreements to buy 51% of the first 7.48 billion doses of candidate COVID-19 vaccines.

That number should be enough to vaccinate almost half the global population 3.76 billion of 7.8 billion people. But Canada, Australia, Britain, Japan, the European Union and the US have all bought up more than their fair share. Canada has reserved about 4.5 courses per person; Australia and the UK close to 2.5.

This means most middle-income countries wont achieve widespread vaccination coverage until late 2022, according toThe Economists Intelligence Unit. For poorer economies, including some of Australias closest neighbours, it wont be before 2023, if at all.

Suspending intellectual property rules

Addressing vaccine inequities, the director-general of the World Health Organization, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus has said, requires pulling out all the stops.

One of those stops is the international agreement protecting intellectual property rights the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, commonly called theTRIPS agreement. All members of the World Trade Organization are bound by the agreement.

In October 2020, South Africa and Indiaproposed waivingcertain provisions of TRIPS that give the owners of the intellectual property exclusive rights over the manufacture and sale of COVID vaccines. The waiver would only apply to COVID-19 medical products and only for the duration of the pandemic. This would allow others to make COVID-19 vaccines without the vaccine developers permission.

The TRIPS waiver is supported by118of the WTOs 164 members more than two-thirds of its membership.

The counter-proposal supported by Australia

Australia, however, has joined with Canada, Chile, Colombia, New Zealand, Norway and Turkey in supporting acounter-proposalthat argues provisions already in the TRIPS agreement are good enough.

TRIPS does allow for compulsory licensing, enabling the use of a patent without the consent of the owner, in a public health emergency. But the compulsory licensing process is time-consuming and only applies to patents, not the other types of intellectual property important for making vaccines.

The counter-proposal put its faith in encouraging more talk between vaccine developers and manufacturers, enabling them to make voluntary licensing agreements and identify ways to increase production.

But theres little reason to think this would achieve more than what is already happening. For example, AstraZeneca has licensed theSerum Institute of Indiato make its vaccine both for India and other countries.

Voluntary licences are problematic because they are ad hoc and confidential. The lack of transparency has seen pricing discrepanciessuch as Bangladesh and South Africa reportedly paying more for their AstraZeneca doses than European nations.

Voluntary licences can also place tight restrictions on where the resulting products can be sold. For example, when US pharmaceutical company Gilead Sciences negotiated licences with makers in India, Pakistan and Egypt to produce a cheaper version of Remdesivir (a candidate for COVID-19 treatment in the early stages of the pandemic) the licence conditionsexcluded many middle-income countriesfrom buying the cheaper version.

Australias support for this counter-proposal is therefore a distraction at best. It cant bring about the fundamental change the TRIPS waiver could generate. Nor is it likely to lead to the world being vaccinated sooner.

This article has been republished from The Conversation.