ROSS DOUTHAT. The Two-Emperor Problem (New York Times, 24.11.18)

Dec 3, 2018

Generally, Donald Trump’s Twitter beefs are an expense of spirit and a waste of breath. But a minority of them are genuinely edifying, and illustrations of his likely world-historical role — which is not to personally bring down our constitutional republic, but to reveal truths about our political situation, through his crudeness and goading of others, that might be harbingers of the Republic’s eventual end.

Last week’s beef with Chief Justice John Roberts was such a case. After the president complained that an “Obama judge” from the Ninth Circuit had ruled against his administration’s asylum policy, the chief justice issued a highly unusual rebuke, declaring that “we do not have Obama judges or Trump judges, Bush judges or Clinton judges,” and an “independent judiciary is something we should all be thankful for.” This predictably inspired a tweeted rejoinder from the president: “Sorry Chief Justice John Roberts, but you do indeed have ‘Obama judges,’ ” Trump began, before dilating on his grievances against the Ninth Circuit’s alleged overreach.

The Official Washington response to this beef was to accuse Trump of once again degrading important constitutional norms — which in a sense his attack on the idea that judges’ legitimacy transcends the partisan origins of their appointments obviously did.

But to anyone who lived through the Merrick Garland and Brett Kavanaugh nominations, the idea that this norm would be resilient absent Trump’s Twitter provocations seems laughable. What was once a conservative assumption dismissed as extremism by the bien-pensants — that the Supreme Court is a highly ideological institution defined by partisan bias and anti-democratic overreach — is now a commonplace liberal belief as well. And when non-Trump politicians hail about the court’s independence, it’s usually just an exercise in tribalism with no consistency behind it.

In this sense the really telling tweet last week came from Chuck Schumer, the Senate minority leader, who weighed in with the following praise — or “praise,” perhaps — for the chief justice:

“I don’t agree very often with Chief Justice Roberts, especially his partisan decisions which seem highly political on Citizens United, Janus, and Shelby. But I am thankful today that he — almost alone among Republicans — stood up to President Trump and for an independent judiciary.”

Read these sentences over a few times, and relish their internal contradictions. John Roberts is to be commended for standing up for an “independent judiciary,” Schumer suggests, so long as he is attacking President Trump. But when he is issuing rulings with which Schumer disagrees, he is a “partisan” and “highly political” and a “Republican.”

Save for the pious tone there is little practical difference between this intervention and Trump’s rants about “Obama judges.” Which in turn suggests that in the case of Trump v. Roberts, our president is mostly just exposing a degradation that already exists, acknowledging a truth of our constitutional order that’s badly disguised by official-D.C. politesse.

That truth reflects an old problem joined to several new ones. The old problem is that the Supreme Court’s legal supremacy over the White House depends upon the presidency’s willingness to accept the court’s rulings. From Andrew Jackson’s conflict with John Marshall over Cherokee removal to Abraham Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus to Franklin Roosevelt’s attempts to force the court to accept the New Deal, there have always been tensions in the American republic between judicial authority and presidential power.

To that centuries-old tension the last few decades have added several more. The growth of partisan polarization has increased the potential ideological hostility between the branches, and raised the perceived stakes of presidential elections and high court appointments both.

Meanwhile, the liberal ambitions of the Warren Court and the expanded powers of the Cold War presidency made both branches considerably more imperial relative to both Congress and the states, and neither trend has been substantially reversed. Instead the political abdication of the Congress, the steady atrophy of legislative power and flight from legislative responsibility, means that America is increasingly governed by negotiations between the imperial presidency and whichever philosopher-king has the swing vote on the court.

A dual imperialism is still a separation of power, and a decaying republic with two emperors by definition does not have its Caesar or Augustus yet. Nor are we about to get one: Because Trump is too politically weak to win a stark confrontation with the Supreme Court, and Roberts is temperamentally modest and consensus-oriented, their Twitter beef is an illumination of reality, rather than a step into crisis. So there is time for an anti-imperial rebalancing, in which a more assertive Congress somehow brings us back into constitutional equilibrium.

But if Congress prefers abdication, a two-emperor system isn’t built to last. Come a crisis, one (probably the one that commands the military and law enforcement) must be master, the other must submit. That’s the important message of Trump v. Roberts. Let those with ears, hear.

 

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