Six weeks intoRussia’s invasion of Ukraine, the death and destruction has been devastating. In addition, thetargeting of nuclear power plantsby Russia’s military has raised the spectre of a nuclear disaster.

The Russian military’s seizure of the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant at a time when at least one of the plant’s six reactors was operating was the most dangerous incident. The partial loss of power to the plant further raised the risk of a disaster.

To say that the seizure of the Zaporizhzhia plant was reckless would be an understatement. Dr. Edwin Lyman from the Union of Concerned Scientistssummarisedthe risks:

“There are a number of events that could trigger a worst-case scenario involving a reactor core or spent fuel pool located in a war zone: An accidental or intentional strike could directly damage one or more reactors. An upstream dam failure could flood a reactor downstream. A fire could disable plant electrical systems. Personnel under duress could make serious mistakes. The bottom line: Any extended loss of power that interrupted cooling system operations that personnel could not contain has the potential to cause a Fukushima-like disaster.”

The Russian military also seized control of the Chernobyl nuclear plant, the site of the world’s worst nuclear accident. Workers were held hostage for 25 days. Off-site power was lost for five days, but generators supplied the necessary power to cool nuclear waste stores. It has been difficult to extinguishforest firesin the contaminated Chernobyl Exclusion Zone due to military conflict.

Severalother nuclear facilitieshave been hit by Russian military strikes, including a nuclear research facility at the Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology, and two radioactive waste storage sites.

At the time of writing, there haven’t been any major radiation releases resulting from Russia’s invasion. But the risk remains, and the International Atomic Energy Agency’s (IAEA)Director General Rafael Grossi continues toexpress“grave concern” and to note that “an accident involving the nuclear facilities in Ukraine could have severe consequences for public health and the environment.”

Nuclear weapons and nuclear winter

Putin reportedly has greater ambitions than invading and controlling Ukraine, so who knows where the conflict will lead, how long it will drag on, and whether it triggers a response from NATO.

The risk of nuclear warfare is low, but it is not zero. It doesn’t help that NATO and Russian military doctrines allow for the use oftactical nuclear weaponsto fend off defeat in a major conventional war. It doesn’t help that some missiles can carryeither conventional weapons or nuclear weapons, increasing the risk of worst-case thinking and a precipitous over-reaction by the adversary.

And it doesn’t help that Putin’sstatementshave included threats to use nuclear weapons, or that a referendum in Belarus revoked the constitution’s nuclear-weapon-free pledge, or that Belarusian president Aleksander Lukashenko joined Putin to watch the Russian military carry outa nuclear weapons exercise, or that Lukashenko has said Belarus would be open tohosting Russian nuclear weapons.

Beatrice Fihn, executive director of the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, points toother concerns:

“Russia and Belarus are not alone in their aggressive and irresponsible posture either. The United States continues to exploit a questionable reading of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) that prevents states from ‘possessing’ nuclear weapons but allows them to host those weapons. Five European states currently host approximately 100 US nuclear weapons: Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy and Turkey.”

In a worst-case scenario, the direct impacts of nuclear warfare would be followed by catastrophic climatic impacts known as ’nuclear winter’. Earth and paleoclimate scientist Andrew Glikson noted in a recentarticle:

“WhenTurco et al. (1983) andCarl Sagan(1983) warned the world about the climatic effects of a nuclear war, they pointed out that the amount of carbon stored in a large city was sufficient to release enough aerosols, smoke, soot and dust to block sunlight over large regions, leading to a widespread failure of crops and extensive starvation. The current nuclear arsenals of the United States and Russia could potentially inject 150 teragrams of soot from fires ignited by nuclear explosions into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, lasting for a period of 10 years or longer, followed by a period of intense radioactive radiation over large areas.”

The myth of the peaceful atom

Russia’s deliberate and accidental strikes on nuclear sites in Ukraine aren’t the firstattacks on nuclear facilities by hostile nation-states. Examples include the following:

• In 1979, Israeli agents in France planted a bomb that destroyed research reactor components while they were awaiting shipment to Iraq.
• Israel’s destruction of a research reactor in Iraq in 1981.
• The US destruction of a research reactor in Iraq in 1991.
• Attempted military strikes by Iraq and Iran on each other’s nuclear facilities during the 1980-88 war.
• Iraq’s attempted missile strikes on Israel’s nuclear facilities in 1991.
• Israel’s bombing of a suspected nuclear reactor site in Syria in 2007.

Most of those attacks were directed at ‘research’ reactors capable of producing plutonium for weapons. Most or all of the attacks were driven by weapons proliferation fears often legitimate fears and an understanding that the IAEA’s so-called ‘safeguards’ system is ineffective at preventing weapons proliferation.

For decades, the nuclear industry and its supportersdenied and trivialisedthe connections between ‘peaceful’ nuclear programs and weapons proliferation. But nuclear power has been in such a desperate state in recent years that the industry now acknowledges and even celebratesthe connections between power and weapons. Those connections are said to justify greater taxpayer bailouts and subsidies for nuclear power programs in the UK, the US, France and elsewhere.

In the UK, Rolls-Royce ispromotingsmall modular reactors (SMRs) on the grounds that “a civil nuclear UK SMR programme would relieve the Ministry of Defence of the burden of developing and retaining skills and capability”.French President Emmanuel Macronsaidin a 2020speechthat without nuclear power there would be no nuclear weapons, and without nuclear weapons there would be no nuclear power (“Sans nuclaire civil, pas de nuclaire militaire, sans nuclaire militaire, pas de nuclaire civil”). In the US, the Nuclear Energy Institutearguesthat a failure to provide further subsidies for nuclear power would “stunt development of the nation’s defense nuclear complex”.

Nuclear advocate Michael Shellenberger provides another example of these nuclear turncoats. Having previously argued that there is an “inverse relationship” between nuclear power and weapons, Shellenberger decided to start telling the truth in 2018. Heacknowledgedthat “having a weapons option is often the most important factor in a state pursuing peaceful nuclear energy”, and that “at least 20 nations sought nuclear power at least in part to give themselves the option of creating a nuclear weapon”.

Public health specialist Assoc. Prof. Tilman Ruffjoins the dotsbetween nuclear power, weapons and winter:

_"_The web of links between nuclear weapons, nuclear reactors, and the materials that power both are deep and inextricable. Nuclear power cannot solve our climate crisis, and aggravates the existential danger posed by nuclear weapons. Out of the climate crisis frying pan and into the fire of radioactive incineration, nuclear ice age and famine is a lose-lose dance with extinction. Our understanding of our climate crisis challenge needs to broaden to include the jeopardy of abrupt nuclear winter."

Australia’s contribution to global nuclear risks

Australia hasuranium export agreementswith all of the ‘declared’ nuclear weapons states, all of them breaching their disarmament obligations under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty; countries with a history of weapons-related research based on their civil nuclear programs; countries that have not ratified the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; countries expanding their nuclear weapons capabilities; and undemocratic, secretive states with appalling human rights records.

Australia’s uranium export agreements with Russia and Ukraine were much of a muchness: federal parliament’s treaties committee issued strong warnings about the inadequacy of nuclear safeguards, the government of the day ignored those warnings, and no-one has any idea about the security or whereabouts of Australian uranium and its by-products in Russia or Ukraine.

Australian governments, and uranium companies operating in Australia, also contribute to global nuclear risks by exporting uranium to countries with lax safety standards and inadequate nuclear regulation. The most dramatic illustration of that problem is the fact that Australian uranium was in the poorly-managed, poorly-regulated Fukushima reactors during the explosions, meltdowns and fires in March 2011.

Ukraine provides another example. Even before the Russian invasion, Ukraine’s nuclear industry wascorrupt, regulation wasinadequate, and nuclearsecurity measuresleft much room for improvement.

Australia also contributes to global nuclear risks because of the bipartisan support for the US alliance and ’extended nuclear deterrence’. As a result, Australia routinely undermines global nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament initiatives. A case in point is Australia’s efforts to undermine the UN’s Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, and the government’s refusal to sign or ratify the treaty.

And the Australian government’s pursuit of submarines powered by weapons-useable, highly-enriched uranium undermines global non-proliferation efforts. If it’s okay for Australia’s military to have access to weapons-useable nuclear material, then it’s okay for the world’s other 190-or-so countries to have access to weapons-useable nuclear material. What could possibly go wrong?

Detailed information on nuclear threats resulting from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is posted at https://nuclear.foe.org.au/ukraine/